There are three primary debates in AI: the method of development (top-down vs bottom-up), the nature of AI mind (passive tool vs humanlike), and the morality of AI development speed

We develop a framework of three primary debates across which frames are adopted and contested: (i) the $\textit{method}$ of AI development, between frames of top-down expert systems and bottom-up emergent capabilities, (ii) the $\textit{mind}$ of an AI system, ranging from a passive tool to a humanlike "digital mind," and (iii) the $\textit{morality}$ of how AI is used, particularly the decision of whether to slow down or speed up AI development.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24748v1